Ground Floor-1345 Sq. Ft
First Floor-1022 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Home plan and elevation -2367 Sq. Ft
Total Area-2367 Sq.ft
Ground Floor-1345 Sq. Ft
First Floor-1022 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Ground Floor-1345 Sq. Ft
First Floor-1022 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Amazing Folding Chair-"Flexible Love"
Made in Taiwan.
Designed by Chishen Chiu.
http://www.flexiblelove.com/
Radio
The lightning-recording antenna was invented by Aleksandr Popov in 1895. The first experimental transmission of wireless signals were carried out by Guglielmo Marconi in the same year. A patent of wireless communication was filed by Marconi in 1896. In 1899, a 42 km link was laid between two cruisers containing Ducretet-Popov devices in France. In the same year, a wireless transmission was laid through the English Channel from Wimereux to Dover by Marconi. In 1901, Marconi demonstrated the first transatlantic wireless transmission between Poldhu and St. John's by using Morse code. In 1903, Valdemar Poulsen began arc transmission to create high-frequency alternators to send radio waves. The New York Times and the London Times knew about the Russo-Japanese war due to radio in 1903. In the next year, a commercial maritime radio network was established under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs in France. Then, John Fleming invented the thermionic two-electrode valve so that sound transmission was feasible. In 1905, lead sulphide could be used to detect radio-electric signals. In 1906, Reginald Fessenden designed a high-frequency alternator and transmitted human voice over the radio. In 1906, Lee de Forest made the detection, transmission and amplification of sound possible. In 1910, a broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York city could be heard on a ship that was 20 km away. 1911 to 1930 was the period of the growth of the radio. The Radio Corporation of America was founded. This was done by combining General Electic, Western Electric, AT&T and Westinghouse. It was in this era that radio broadcasting began in Australia. Battery-powered receivers having headphones and valves were seen in France. A radio telephone concert was broadcast across the Atlantic Ocean to several receivers. In this era, radio broadcasting started in Shanghai and Cuba. The first regular broadcasts took place in Belgium, Norway, Germany, Finland and Switzerland. Soon radio became prevalent throughout the globe.
11 beautiful 3D interior designs
Sudheeshkumar.NK
Architectural Vizualiser
Phone. +919967934569
Email. sudheeshkumar.nk@gmail.com
Architectural Vizualiser
Phone. +919967934569
Email. sudheeshkumar.nk@gmail.com
Home plan and elevation -1581 Sq. Ft
Total Area-1581 Sq.ft
Ground Floor-936 Sq. Ft
First Floor-645 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Ground Floor-936 Sq. Ft
First Floor-645 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Home plan and elevation -2637 Sq. Ft
Total Area-2637 Sq.ft
Ground Floor-1646 Sq. Ft
First Floor-990 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Ground Floor-1646 Sq. Ft
First Floor-990 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Modern house plan - 2800 Sq. Ft
Ground Floor-1523 Sq. Ft
First Floor-1277 Sq. Ft
Total Area-2800 Sq. Ft
Architect : Koshy Associates
A2, Mahaniam,
9/10, Arunachalapuram Street
Aminjikarai, Chennai - 29
Cell - 9444122276
First Floor-1277 Sq. Ft
Total Area-2800 Sq. Ft
Architect : Koshy Associates
A2, Mahaniam,
9/10, Arunachalapuram Street
Aminjikarai, Chennai - 29
Cell - 9444122276
Air conditioner
The idea of air conditioning started before a machine was created to produce the cooling effect desired. The first attempt at building an air conditioner was made by Dr. John Gorrie (1803-1855), an American physician, in Apalachicola, Florida. During his practice there in the 1830s, Dr. Gorrie creating an ice-making machine that essentially blew air over a bucket of ice for cooling hospital rooms of patients suffering from malaria and yellow fever.
In 1881, when President James Garfield was dying, naval engineers constructed a box-like structure containing cloths saturated with melted ice water, where a fan blew hot air overhead. This contraption was able to lower a room by 20 degrees Fahrenheit but consumed half a million pounds of ice in two months' time.
A close ancestor to the modern air conditioner units was first made in 1902 by an American engineer by the name of Willis Carrier. The machine at that time was called "Apparatus for Treating Air" and was built for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Co. in Brooklyn, New York. Chilled coils were used in the machine to cool air and lower humidity to 55%, although the apparatus was made with enough precision that the humidity level desired was adjustable.
After the invention by Carrier, air conditioners began to bloom. They first hit the industrial buildings such as printing plants, textile mills, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and a few hospitals. The first air-conditioned home was that of Charles Gates, son of gambler John "Bet a Million" Gates, in Minneapolis in 1914. However, during the first wave of their installation, Carrier's air conditioner units were large, expensive, and dangerous due to the toxic ammonia that was used as coolant.
In 1922, Carrier had two breakthroughs - he replaced the ammonia with the benign coolant dielene and added a central compressor to reduce the size of the unit. The next advance was when Carrier sold his invention to movie-theater operators, with a notable debut in 1925 at the Rivoli on Broadway in New York City. In a short amount of time, air conditioners were installed in office buildings, department stores and railroad cars. The United States House of Representatives had air conditioners installed in 1928, with the Senate, White House and Supreme Court following suit in the years after. After World War II, window units air conditioners appeared, with sales escalating from 74,000 in 1948 to 1,045,000 in 1953.
Today, air conditioners have been said to be a partial cause for the changes in the South, and for most of us who have experienced its cooling benefits in times of searing heat waves, it is an invention that is hard to live without.
Source: Jones Jr., Malcolm. "Air Conditioning". Newsweek. Winter 1997 v130 n24-A p42(2).
In 1881, when President James Garfield was dying, naval engineers constructed a box-like structure containing cloths saturated with melted ice water, where a fan blew hot air overhead. This contraption was able to lower a room by 20 degrees Fahrenheit but consumed half a million pounds of ice in two months' time.
A close ancestor to the modern air conditioner units was first made in 1902 by an American engineer by the name of Willis Carrier. The machine at that time was called "Apparatus for Treating Air" and was built for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Co. in Brooklyn, New York. Chilled coils were used in the machine to cool air and lower humidity to 55%, although the apparatus was made with enough precision that the humidity level desired was adjustable.
After the invention by Carrier, air conditioners began to bloom. They first hit the industrial buildings such as printing plants, textile mills, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and a few hospitals. The first air-conditioned home was that of Charles Gates, son of gambler John "Bet a Million" Gates, in Minneapolis in 1914. However, during the first wave of their installation, Carrier's air conditioner units were large, expensive, and dangerous due to the toxic ammonia that was used as coolant.
In 1922, Carrier had two breakthroughs - he replaced the ammonia with the benign coolant dielene and added a central compressor to reduce the size of the unit. The next advance was when Carrier sold his invention to movie-theater operators, with a notable debut in 1925 at the Rivoli on Broadway in New York City. In a short amount of time, air conditioners were installed in office buildings, department stores and railroad cars. The United States House of Representatives had air conditioners installed in 1928, with the Senate, White House and Supreme Court following suit in the years after. After World War II, window units air conditioners appeared, with sales escalating from 74,000 in 1948 to 1,045,000 in 1953.
Today, air conditioners have been said to be a partial cause for the changes in the South, and for most of us who have experienced its cooling benefits in times of searing heat waves, it is an invention that is hard to live without.
Source: Jones Jr., Malcolm. "Air Conditioning". Newsweek. Winter 1997 v130 n24-A p42(2).
Living Tomorrow: house of the future - Video
Have you ever wondered what a future home will look like? We have been there, so watch here and find out.
Living Tomorrow was founded in 1991 by architects Frank Belien and Peter Bongers. Their mission was to create a platform on which several companies could show their innovative ideas.
Living Tomorrow was founded in 1991 by architects Frank Belien and Peter Bongers. Their mission was to create a platform on which several companies could show their innovative ideas.
THE REFRIGERATOR
In 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American, invented the refrigerator in London. Edward DeBono writes, "In his British Patent Specification of 1834 he described the vapour compression cycle, in which cooling was produced by the evaporation of volatile fluids."12 Inventors.about.com describes the process of refrigeration as:
A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. The liquid, or refrigerant, used in a refrigerator evaporates at an extremely low temperature, creating freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator. It's all based on the following physics: - a liquid is rapidly vaporized (through compressions) - the quickly expanding vapor requires kinetic energy and draws the energy needed from the immediate area - which loses enrgy and becomes cooler. 13
These earlier refrigerators used toxic gasses such as ammonia to create a cooling effect. Because these gasses were lethal if inhaled, many comsumers died as a result of them. To remedy the problems of toxic gasses, freon was invented in the 1930s.14 Freon became the most popular form of coolant until the 1990s when legislation was passed banning the use. Trevor Willimas states that in the 1920s, the most popular refrigerators sold were the Frigidaire and the Kelvinator because they "employed an electric motor to drive the compressor."15 The mass production of refrigerators began in the 1940s after World War II.16 This created a massive market where companies such as GE and Frigidaire could supply refrigerators to the masses.
Refrigerators were first made of a wood cabinet and a water-cooled compressor. According to the History Channel, beginning in the 1920s, "steel and porcelain cabinets" emerged to replace the less effective wood cabinets. 17 Throughout the 1950s and '60s, household refrigerators were improved to better suit consumers. The History Channel states that additions to the refrigerator such as "automatic defrost and automatic ice makers" were created to make refrigerators easier to use and required less maintenance. Modern advances in technology have improved the refrigerator to become more environmentally friendly. According to the History Channel, today, refrigerators are "more energy efficient."18 Many different styles of refrigerators have emerged. They now dispense water and ice right on the refrigerator door. With future technological advances, the refrigerator will continue to be improved to make life more easier.
A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. The liquid, or refrigerant, used in a refrigerator evaporates at an extremely low temperature, creating freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator. It's all based on the following physics: - a liquid is rapidly vaporized (through compressions) - the quickly expanding vapor requires kinetic energy and draws the energy needed from the immediate area - which loses enrgy and becomes cooler. 13
These earlier refrigerators used toxic gasses such as ammonia to create a cooling effect. Because these gasses were lethal if inhaled, many comsumers died as a result of them. To remedy the problems of toxic gasses, freon was invented in the 1930s.14 Freon became the most popular form of coolant until the 1990s when legislation was passed banning the use. Trevor Willimas states that in the 1920s, the most popular refrigerators sold were the Frigidaire and the Kelvinator because they "employed an electric motor to drive the compressor."15 The mass production of refrigerators began in the 1940s after World War II.16 This created a massive market where companies such as GE and Frigidaire could supply refrigerators to the masses.
Refrigerators were first made of a wood cabinet and a water-cooled compressor. According to the History Channel, beginning in the 1920s, "steel and porcelain cabinets" emerged to replace the less effective wood cabinets. 17 Throughout the 1950s and '60s, household refrigerators were improved to better suit consumers. The History Channel states that additions to the refrigerator such as "automatic defrost and automatic ice makers" were created to make refrigerators easier to use and required less maintenance. Modern advances in technology have improved the refrigerator to become more environmentally friendly. According to the History Channel, today, refrigerators are "more energy efficient."18 Many different styles of refrigerators have emerged. They now dispense water and ice right on the refrigerator door. With future technological advances, the refrigerator will continue to be improved to make life more easier.
Freezer
The American Fridge Freezers we all know and love today are the culmination of over one and a half centuries of development. It was in 1857, that an Australian named James Harrison made the first ice making machine as well as a refrigeration system. His invention was used in brewing and meat packing industries in the region of Victoria. Two years later a Frenchman named Ferdinand Carre came up with another design in 1859. Earlier designs had used air as a coolant, but this new method had rapidly expanding ammonia instead.
Absorption fridges were invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters in 1922 in Stockholm. They were studying together in the Royal Institute of Technology when they came up with the idea which was then taken worldwide by Electrolux. The first patent for a compact refrigerator was Carl von Linde. Before Von Linde came up with the practical model refrigerators were a two room affair with mechanical parts. The compressor and motor in a basement or a room next door to the kitchen where the cold box would be store food.
Apart from the size of these machines, there were other reasons why it was not practical to have one installed. The cost was astronomical and far beyond the reach of an average household. With the idea that preserving your food would save money on wastage it didn't make sense to make the investment. Really, only commercial enterprises that had them and they were used to store food before going to market.
It wasn't until 1927 that the use of the smaller units became popular. General Electric made a sulfur dioxide based refrigerator and actually produced over a million for the general public. With this model the public were finally able to practically refrigerate food in the house. There are still working models around but because of the danger that comes with sulfur dioxide it's illegal to refill them if they break down.
By the thirties, 60% of US Households had a home refrigeration unit but it was in the seventies before the same happened across Europe. Now this style of the American fridge freezers has been used around the world. The side by side design is instantly recognizable as many come with an ice dispenser at the front. It was in the forties that separate freezers were popularized but mass production was not immediate. It was after the end of world war two that they were in more and more households. The peoples uptake on the separate deep freeze system was helped by advances in defrosting which was now automatic.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dola_Raheem
Absorption fridges were invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters in 1922 in Stockholm. They were studying together in the Royal Institute of Technology when they came up with the idea which was then taken worldwide by Electrolux. The first patent for a compact refrigerator was Carl von Linde. Before Von Linde came up with the practical model refrigerators were a two room affair with mechanical parts. The compressor and motor in a basement or a room next door to the kitchen where the cold box would be store food.
Apart from the size of these machines, there were other reasons why it was not practical to have one installed. The cost was astronomical and far beyond the reach of an average household. With the idea that preserving your food would save money on wastage it didn't make sense to make the investment. Really, only commercial enterprises that had them and they were used to store food before going to market.
It wasn't until 1927 that the use of the smaller units became popular. General Electric made a sulfur dioxide based refrigerator and actually produced over a million for the general public. With this model the public were finally able to practically refrigerate food in the house. There are still working models around but because of the danger that comes with sulfur dioxide it's illegal to refill them if they break down.
By the thirties, 60% of US Households had a home refrigeration unit but it was in the seventies before the same happened across Europe. Now this style of the American fridge freezers has been used around the world. The side by side design is instantly recognizable as many come with an ice dispenser at the front. It was in the forties that separate freezers were popularized but mass production was not immediate. It was after the end of world war two that they were in more and more households. The peoples uptake on the separate deep freeze system was helped by advances in defrosting which was now automatic.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dola_Raheem
Home plan and elevation -2055 Sq. Ft
Total Area-2055 Sq.ft
Ground Floor-1216 Sq. Ft
First Floor-839 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Ground Floor-1216 Sq. Ft
First Floor-839 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Blender
The invention of a small electric motor, often referred to as the Great Leap Forward for plug-powered domestic machinery. The new motor, known as the fractional horsepower motor, revolutionized the appliance industry and made possible the invention of many power assisted appliances including the blender.
Two Racine, Wisconsin engineers, Chester Beach and Frederick Osius, and a master marketer, Louis Hamilton, made household appliance history by inventing a small motor than ran on either AC or DC electrical power. The first Hamilton Beach product, an electric hand-held massager, was produced in 1910. The same year, Hamilton Beach Manufacturing Company was founded for the sole purpose of developing more "universal" motor-driven appliances.
Stephen Poplawski is credited with inventing the blender in 1922. Poplawski was the first to put spinning blades at the bottom of a container. In 1932, Poplawski, received patents for a machine that would reduce fruits and vegetables to a liquid. You can find blenders in most kitchens in America. They have become an indispensible way to process food and drinks.
The 'Waring Blender' was one of the earliest commercially successful blenders. The most unusual thing about it is it is named after orchestra leader Fred Waring. Frederick Osius worked on improving inventor Poplawski's blender, and went to Waring for financial backing. Waring backed its development, in part, so he could puree raw vegetables for the ulcer diet his doctors prescribed. Waring also delighted in most new inventions. The Waring Blender (originally called the Miracle Mixer) debuted in 1937 and sold for $29.75. By 1954 one million Waring Blendors had been sold.
In 1946, John Oster made a decision to diversify from barber equipment to small house electrical appliances and purchased Stevens Electric, the company that invented the liquefier blender. Soon after, the first Osterizer® blender was introduced.
Two Racine, Wisconsin engineers, Chester Beach and Frederick Osius, and a master marketer, Louis Hamilton, made household appliance history by inventing a small motor than ran on either AC or DC electrical power. The first Hamilton Beach product, an electric hand-held massager, was produced in 1910. The same year, Hamilton Beach Manufacturing Company was founded for the sole purpose of developing more "universal" motor-driven appliances.
Stephen Poplawski is credited with inventing the blender in 1922. Poplawski was the first to put spinning blades at the bottom of a container. In 1932, Poplawski, received patents for a machine that would reduce fruits and vegetables to a liquid. You can find blenders in most kitchens in America. They have become an indispensible way to process food and drinks.
The 'Waring Blender' was one of the earliest commercially successful blenders. The most unusual thing about it is it is named after orchestra leader Fred Waring. Frederick Osius worked on improving inventor Poplawski's blender, and went to Waring for financial backing. Waring backed its development, in part, so he could puree raw vegetables for the ulcer diet his doctors prescribed. Waring also delighted in most new inventions. The Waring Blender (originally called the Miracle Mixer) debuted in 1937 and sold for $29.75. By 1954 one million Waring Blendors had been sold.
In 1946, John Oster made a decision to diversify from barber equipment to small house electrical appliances and purchased Stevens Electric, the company that invented the liquefier blender. Soon after, the first Osterizer® blender was introduced.
Home plan and elevation - 2905 Sq. Ft
Total Area-2905 Sq.ft
Ground Floor-1851 Sq. Ft
First Floor-1054 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Ground Floor-1851 Sq. Ft
First Floor-1054 Sq. Ft
Architect : Praveen.M
moyacheri (ho)
kottakkal
vatakara(via)
Phone:9645457494,9388744505.04962275234
Email:praveenarchitect.m32@gmail.com
Coffee maker
Coffee makers date all the way back to the Turks in 575 A.D. But it wasn't until 1818 when the first coffee percolator was created.
This coffee pot became known as the "cowboy pot" because so many cowboys had begun using it. between the years of 1835 to 1850, coffee makers began to completely saturate the marketplace. Everything from glass balloons, to pressure steamers, to grinders and roasters had all started to become available.
In the year of 1890, the Manning-Bowman Percolator started to get distributed in the United States. These percolators were made out of linen with a cloth that had to be cleaned after every use.
It wasn't until 1912 that a paper filter was finally introduced. This help coffee makers explode in popularity since the clean up was so much easier now. in 1960 is when coffee pots with disposable filters began being used commercially.
It was 1972 when coffee makers really took off though all thanks to Mr. Coffee and his automatic drip process with disposable filter. And today, Mr. Coffee is still the largest coffee maker in the world.
Mr. Coffee has stayed at top as number one because they are always adapting to the needs of the consumers. For example, in the year 1977 the price of coffee skyrocketed and tripled in price. So Mr. Coffee invented a coffee maker that used less coffee grounds but kept the same great taste everyone loved.
The design pretty much stay the same from then until 1979 when a timer was added. Now coffee lovers could set their coffee maker to brew automatically each morning. Hooray!
In 1989 Mr. Coffee meet the demands of the consumers once more and came out with the first coffee maker that only made four cups of coffee. In that same year Mr. Coffee also launched the worlds first ice tea maker.
Coffee continues to grow in popularity and demand. No matter where you are in the world, you are sure to see someone enjoying a cup of fresh coffee.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ryan_Woodward
This coffee pot became known as the "cowboy pot" because so many cowboys had begun using it. between the years of 1835 to 1850, coffee makers began to completely saturate the marketplace. Everything from glass balloons, to pressure steamers, to grinders and roasters had all started to become available.
In the year of 1890, the Manning-Bowman Percolator started to get distributed in the United States. These percolators were made out of linen with a cloth that had to be cleaned after every use.
It wasn't until 1912 that a paper filter was finally introduced. This help coffee makers explode in popularity since the clean up was so much easier now. in 1960 is when coffee pots with disposable filters began being used commercially.
It was 1972 when coffee makers really took off though all thanks to Mr. Coffee and his automatic drip process with disposable filter. And today, Mr. Coffee is still the largest coffee maker in the world.
Mr. Coffee has stayed at top as number one because they are always adapting to the needs of the consumers. For example, in the year 1977 the price of coffee skyrocketed and tripled in price. So Mr. Coffee invented a coffee maker that used less coffee grounds but kept the same great taste everyone loved.
The design pretty much stay the same from then until 1979 when a timer was added. Now coffee lovers could set their coffee maker to brew automatically each morning. Hooray!
In 1989 Mr. Coffee meet the demands of the consumers once more and came out with the first coffee maker that only made four cups of coffee. In that same year Mr. Coffee also launched the worlds first ice tea maker.
Coffee continues to grow in popularity and demand. No matter where you are in the world, you are sure to see someone enjoying a cup of fresh coffee.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ryan_Woodward
Vacuum cleaner
The Story:
The birth of the vacuum cleaner is due to a number of advancements in science and technology brought about by the Industrial Revolution. By the mid 1800s factories were producing tens of thousands of manufactured items along with tons of pollution. Dirt and soot were everywhere. About that time scientist Louis Pasteur made several significant discoveries which led him to theorize that infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms or “germs.” Thus the development of the germ theory and the reaction against industrial pollution caused people to focus for the first time on hygiene and cleanliness.
The first vacuum cleaners had to be operated manually. Two persons were needed for sume machines were to large, one to operate the bellows and the other to move the mouthpiece over the floor. The dust was blown into the air. Prior to the introduction of "electric suction cleaners", most housewives used brooms and dust pans. Many of the mid-Victorian homes had large and small rugs and carpets on the floors of principal rooms. In order to remove dirt, dust and animal dander from the nap of these floor coverings, the rugs and carpets were removed from the home and beaten with a device similar to an oversized fly swatter called a rug beater.
Patent papers ( 29,077 US) have revealed that a vacuum sweeper was produced by Daniel Hess in July 10, 1860. Hess, a resident of West Union, Iowa, called his invention a carpet sweeper, not a vacuum. The machine did, in fact, have a rotating brush like other sweepers, however, the machine also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction. The amazing thing about his machine was that it incorporated two "water chambers" to capture the dust and fine dirt. He states that the air is cleansed as it passes through the device. There is no record that this machine was every produced.
Another early model, the “Whirlwind,” patented (91,145 June 8, 1869) by Ives McGaffey of Chicago, created suction with a hand-cranked, belt-driven fan. All of these early vacuums were awkward, bulky, and expensive.
In the late 1870s, Melville Bissell began marketing his invention, a carpet sweeper with revolving brushes which picked up the dust and dirt and deposited it inside the sweeper housing. It depended on the rotation of the wheels to drive the sweeping mechanism and only removed debris from the uppermost regions of the carpet nap.
John S.Thurman invented his gasoline powered vacuum cleaner, in 1899 and some historians consider it the first motorized vacuum cleaner. Thurman's machine was patented on October 3, 1899 (patent #634,042). Later he started a horse drawn (door to door service) vacuum system in St. Louis, his vacuuming services were priced at $4 per visit.
The next technological leap in cleaning came in 1901, when Hubert Cecil Booth of London invented the electric vacuum. It was so large that its vacuum pump and motor were housed in a horse-drawn cart, from which a 100-foot long hose was extended and snaked into the house. This event was such a novelty that society ladies in England invited their friends over for vacuum parties! Queen Victoria’s carpets were cleaned this way, as were Britain’s naval barracks, ending a plague which swept through the Navy at the turn of the 20th century. The vacuum cleaner greatly improved sanitation and health. Tons of germ-laden dust were removed from theatre seats, home and shop floors.
At about the same time, two Americans introduced variations on the same theme. Corinne Dufour invented a device that sucked dust into a wet sponge. David E. Kenney’s huge machine was installed in the cellar and connected to a network of pipes leading to each room in the house. A corps of cleaners moved the machine from house to house.
In 1905 'Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets' was patented by Walter Griffiths Manufacturer, Birmingham, England. It comprised of a portable and easy to store vacuum device which was powered by 'any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant)' who would have the task of compressing a bellow type contraption to suck up dust via a removable, flexible pipe to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached.
Chapman and Skinner in San Francisco invented a moveable electric vacuum in 1905. It weighed ninety-two pounds and used a fan 18 inches in diameter to produce the suction. A woman needed her man to move the heavy vacuum around, giving new meaning to the term domstic togetherness. Because of its size and cumbersome nature, it did not sell well.
Best known for the vacuum cleaner that bears his name, Jim Kirby's life goal was to reduce or eliminate drudgery wherever it existed. After watching his mother's cleaning effort result in the dust settling back onto everything in the house, he developed his concept of a vacuum cleaner. His first cleaner, invented in 1906, used water for dirt separation. In 1907, displeased with the unpleasant task of disposing of dirty water, he went back to work and designed a system that used centrifugal action and cloth to filter the dirt.
James Murray Spangler, an inventor and janitor in Canton, Ohio, patented (889,823 June 2, 1908) the first portable electric suction cleaner, making life a bit easier and cleaner for the homeowner. An asthmatic, Spangler wanted a smaller vacuum to help keep down dust on the job. Using a variety of items — a broom handle, a pillow case, a tin soap box — he created a device that used motor-driven fan blades to create suction. In 1908 he sold the vacuum’s patent to his cousin’s husband, William Hoover, and became a partner in Hoover’s Electric Suction Sweeper Company. Soon many new vacuum companies sprang up, taking advantage of the growing popularity of electric appliances and of people’s fear of germs.
Detroit businessman Fred Wardell starts the Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company, in 1909. Unlike their competitors’ vacuums, which were heavy, difficult to maneuver, and unreliable, Eureka’s vacuums were versatile and lightweight. The company offered several helpful attachments to clean upholstery, walls, and bare floors — even a blower to dry hair. Eureka’s vacuums were so well designed that they won an award at the San Francisco International Exposition in 1915. By 1919 Eureka was able to make 2,000 vacuums a day in their sophisticated, 3.5-acre manufacturing plant.
In 1910, two Racine, Wisconsin engineers, Charles Beach and Frederick Osius, and a master marketeer, Louis Hamilton, made household appliance history by inventing a small motor that ran on either AC or DC electrical power -- the first Great Leap Forward for plug-powered domestic machinery. Osius deployed this gem in a Hamilton Beach Mother's Little Helper -- the first portable vacuum cleaner.
After World War I, Jim Kirby agreed to design vacuum cleaners exclusively for George Scott and Carl Fetzer. Over the ensuing years, he developed numerous innovative cleaner designs. Later, the non-electric Vacuette model, manufactured by Scott and Fetzer, became the forerunner of today's multi-attachment models.
Air-Way Sanitizor of Toledo, Ohio.introduced the first vacuum cleaner with a disposable bag in 1920.
Aerus began in 1924 under the name Electrolux when Gustaf Sahlin introduced the Electrolux tank vacuum cleaner to the United States. Almost overnight, its unique design became the standard of excellence.
Hoover developed positive agitation in 1926, and this greatly increased the dirt removal efficiency of the vacuum. One model featured a rigid beater bar which was used in combination with the brush on the agitator to dislodge dirt from the carpet. In the 1930s the first plastic vacuum cleaners hit the market and headlights were added to some of the fancier models. In 1935, Scott and Fetzer introduced the Model C, the first of a long line of products to carry Kirby's name. Jim Kirby continued to work on new ideas for the company into the 1960's. The 1950s saw the introduction of the convertible upright line of vacuums. The first self propelled vacuums debuted in 1969. Since then, improvements such as higher speed motors have been added.
David Oreck starts Oreck Corporation as a company manufacturing upright vacuum cleaners for the hotel industry in the U.S. The concept was to design a lightweight yet powerful and durable vacuum that hotel housekeepers would prefer to the very heavy models available to them. The idea proved so successful that now over 50,000 hotels throughout the world use Oreck vacuums. After a short time, hotel personnel asked to buy the machines for their own use, which gave the Oreck Corporation the idea to sell its unique products to the general public.While Whirlpool was unable to make a success of its upright vacuum cleaners, Oreck believed that with a redesign of the machine, he could give it a new lease on life. So Whirlpool gave him exclusive rights to market them throughout the United States. The company also gave Oreck free reign to redesign the machine and then produced his prototype for him under the RCA Whirlpool label.
Between 1978 and 1993 James Dyson built 5000 prototypes before he perfected his Dual Cyclone machine. "This project is dead from the neck up". a Hotpoint, executive said when Dyson offered them his technology in 1982. In May 2001 Dyson had 29% of the vacuum cleaner market by volume and 52% by value.
It was iRobot’s 2002 foray into the home that is putting the company on the map. Helen Greiner says she and her colleagues knew that if they could find a way to relieve folks from the drudgery of household tasks, it would be a big hit with consumers. “For 13 years, when we introduced ourselves, people would say, ‘Can you make a robot that will clean my house?’” So the trio turned their attention to creating a robotic vacuum they could market for $200. Roomba is a small, disc-shaped vacuum that cruises around a room, using sensors to maneuver around furniture and avoid stairs.Indications are they did it right. Since its launch in September 2002, Roomba has been selling briskly and won the Good Housekeeping seal of approval. It was chosen as one of Oprah’s “favorite things” .
The vacuum cleaner is one of the greatest household aids ever invented. It’s right up there with sliced bread and the flushable toilet. Its speed and efficiency allows more time for leisure and less for cleaning. It’s obvious that the vacuum has an important and impressive pedigree. This reducer of pollutants, eliminator of germs, and status symbol shouldn’t be hiding in the closet, but should be proudly displayed in a place of honor in our homes!
The birth of the vacuum cleaner is due to a number of advancements in science and technology brought about by the Industrial Revolution. By the mid 1800s factories were producing tens of thousands of manufactured items along with tons of pollution. Dirt and soot were everywhere. About that time scientist Louis Pasteur made several significant discoveries which led him to theorize that infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms or “germs.” Thus the development of the germ theory and the reaction against industrial pollution caused people to focus for the first time on hygiene and cleanliness.
The first vacuum cleaners had to be operated manually. Two persons were needed for sume machines were to large, one to operate the bellows and the other to move the mouthpiece over the floor. The dust was blown into the air. Prior to the introduction of "electric suction cleaners", most housewives used brooms and dust pans. Many of the mid-Victorian homes had large and small rugs and carpets on the floors of principal rooms. In order to remove dirt, dust and animal dander from the nap of these floor coverings, the rugs and carpets were removed from the home and beaten with a device similar to an oversized fly swatter called a rug beater.
Patent papers ( 29,077 US) have revealed that a vacuum sweeper was produced by Daniel Hess in July 10, 1860. Hess, a resident of West Union, Iowa, called his invention a carpet sweeper, not a vacuum. The machine did, in fact, have a rotating brush like other sweepers, however, the machine also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction. The amazing thing about his machine was that it incorporated two "water chambers" to capture the dust and fine dirt. He states that the air is cleansed as it passes through the device. There is no record that this machine was every produced.
Another early model, the “Whirlwind,” patented (91,145 June 8, 1869) by Ives McGaffey of Chicago, created suction with a hand-cranked, belt-driven fan. All of these early vacuums were awkward, bulky, and expensive.
In the late 1870s, Melville Bissell began marketing his invention, a carpet sweeper with revolving brushes which picked up the dust and dirt and deposited it inside the sweeper housing. It depended on the rotation of the wheels to drive the sweeping mechanism and only removed debris from the uppermost regions of the carpet nap.
John S.Thurman invented his gasoline powered vacuum cleaner, in 1899 and some historians consider it the first motorized vacuum cleaner. Thurman's machine was patented on October 3, 1899 (patent #634,042). Later he started a horse drawn (door to door service) vacuum system in St. Louis, his vacuuming services were priced at $4 per visit.
The next technological leap in cleaning came in 1901, when Hubert Cecil Booth of London invented the electric vacuum. It was so large that its vacuum pump and motor were housed in a horse-drawn cart, from which a 100-foot long hose was extended and snaked into the house. This event was such a novelty that society ladies in England invited their friends over for vacuum parties! Queen Victoria’s carpets were cleaned this way, as were Britain’s naval barracks, ending a plague which swept through the Navy at the turn of the 20th century. The vacuum cleaner greatly improved sanitation and health. Tons of germ-laden dust were removed from theatre seats, home and shop floors.
At about the same time, two Americans introduced variations on the same theme. Corinne Dufour invented a device that sucked dust into a wet sponge. David E. Kenney’s huge machine was installed in the cellar and connected to a network of pipes leading to each room in the house. A corps of cleaners moved the machine from house to house.
In 1905 'Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets' was patented by Walter Griffiths Manufacturer, Birmingham, England. It comprised of a portable and easy to store vacuum device which was powered by 'any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant)' who would have the task of compressing a bellow type contraption to suck up dust via a removable, flexible pipe to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached.
Chapman and Skinner in San Francisco invented a moveable electric vacuum in 1905. It weighed ninety-two pounds and used a fan 18 inches in diameter to produce the suction. A woman needed her man to move the heavy vacuum around, giving new meaning to the term domstic togetherness. Because of its size and cumbersome nature, it did not sell well.
Best known for the vacuum cleaner that bears his name, Jim Kirby's life goal was to reduce or eliminate drudgery wherever it existed. After watching his mother's cleaning effort result in the dust settling back onto everything in the house, he developed his concept of a vacuum cleaner. His first cleaner, invented in 1906, used water for dirt separation. In 1907, displeased with the unpleasant task of disposing of dirty water, he went back to work and designed a system that used centrifugal action and cloth to filter the dirt.
James Murray Spangler, an inventor and janitor in Canton, Ohio, patented (889,823 June 2, 1908) the first portable electric suction cleaner, making life a bit easier and cleaner for the homeowner. An asthmatic, Spangler wanted a smaller vacuum to help keep down dust on the job. Using a variety of items — a broom handle, a pillow case, a tin soap box — he created a device that used motor-driven fan blades to create suction. In 1908 he sold the vacuum’s patent to his cousin’s husband, William Hoover, and became a partner in Hoover’s Electric Suction Sweeper Company. Soon many new vacuum companies sprang up, taking advantage of the growing popularity of electric appliances and of people’s fear of germs.
Detroit businessman Fred Wardell starts the Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company, in 1909. Unlike their competitors’ vacuums, which were heavy, difficult to maneuver, and unreliable, Eureka’s vacuums were versatile and lightweight. The company offered several helpful attachments to clean upholstery, walls, and bare floors — even a blower to dry hair. Eureka’s vacuums were so well designed that they won an award at the San Francisco International Exposition in 1915. By 1919 Eureka was able to make 2,000 vacuums a day in their sophisticated, 3.5-acre manufacturing plant.
In 1910, two Racine, Wisconsin engineers, Charles Beach and Frederick Osius, and a master marketeer, Louis Hamilton, made household appliance history by inventing a small motor that ran on either AC or DC electrical power -- the first Great Leap Forward for plug-powered domestic machinery. Osius deployed this gem in a Hamilton Beach Mother's Little Helper -- the first portable vacuum cleaner.
After World War I, Jim Kirby agreed to design vacuum cleaners exclusively for George Scott and Carl Fetzer. Over the ensuing years, he developed numerous innovative cleaner designs. Later, the non-electric Vacuette model, manufactured by Scott and Fetzer, became the forerunner of today's multi-attachment models.
Air-Way Sanitizor of Toledo, Ohio.introduced the first vacuum cleaner with a disposable bag in 1920.
Aerus began in 1924 under the name Electrolux when Gustaf Sahlin introduced the Electrolux tank vacuum cleaner to the United States. Almost overnight, its unique design became the standard of excellence.
Hoover developed positive agitation in 1926, and this greatly increased the dirt removal efficiency of the vacuum. One model featured a rigid beater bar which was used in combination with the brush on the agitator to dislodge dirt from the carpet. In the 1930s the first plastic vacuum cleaners hit the market and headlights were added to some of the fancier models. In 1935, Scott and Fetzer introduced the Model C, the first of a long line of products to carry Kirby's name. Jim Kirby continued to work on new ideas for the company into the 1960's. The 1950s saw the introduction of the convertible upright line of vacuums. The first self propelled vacuums debuted in 1969. Since then, improvements such as higher speed motors have been added.
David Oreck starts Oreck Corporation as a company manufacturing upright vacuum cleaners for the hotel industry in the U.S. The concept was to design a lightweight yet powerful and durable vacuum that hotel housekeepers would prefer to the very heavy models available to them. The idea proved so successful that now over 50,000 hotels throughout the world use Oreck vacuums. After a short time, hotel personnel asked to buy the machines for their own use, which gave the Oreck Corporation the idea to sell its unique products to the general public.While Whirlpool was unable to make a success of its upright vacuum cleaners, Oreck believed that with a redesign of the machine, he could give it a new lease on life. So Whirlpool gave him exclusive rights to market them throughout the United States. The company also gave Oreck free reign to redesign the machine and then produced his prototype for him under the RCA Whirlpool label.
Between 1978 and 1993 James Dyson built 5000 prototypes before he perfected his Dual Cyclone machine. "This project is dead from the neck up". a Hotpoint, executive said when Dyson offered them his technology in 1982. In May 2001 Dyson had 29% of the vacuum cleaner market by volume and 52% by value.
It was iRobot’s 2002 foray into the home that is putting the company on the map. Helen Greiner says she and her colleagues knew that if they could find a way to relieve folks from the drudgery of household tasks, it would be a big hit with consumers. “For 13 years, when we introduced ourselves, people would say, ‘Can you make a robot that will clean my house?’” So the trio turned their attention to creating a robotic vacuum they could market for $200. Roomba is a small, disc-shaped vacuum that cruises around a room, using sensors to maneuver around furniture and avoid stairs.Indications are they did it right. Since its launch in September 2002, Roomba has been selling briskly and won the Good Housekeeping seal of approval. It was chosen as one of Oprah’s “favorite things” .
The vacuum cleaner is one of the greatest household aids ever invented. It’s right up there with sliced bread and the flushable toilet. Its speed and efficiency allows more time for leisure and less for cleaning. It’s obvious that the vacuum has an important and impressive pedigree. This reducer of pollutants, eliminator of germs, and status symbol shouldn’t be hiding in the closet, but should be proudly displayed in a place of honor in our homes!
Kerala Villa Plan - 1500 Sq. Ft
Detail Of The House
Ground Floor Area : 883 Sq Ft
First Floor Area : 617 Sq Ft
Bedrooms : 3
Design : Contemporary And Kerala Style Architecure
Total Area Of The House : 1500 Sq Ft
Architect : Shukoor C Manapat,
Ground Floor Area : 883 Sq Ft
First Floor Area : 617 Sq Ft
Bedrooms : 3
Design : Contemporary And Kerala Style Architecure
Total Area Of The House : 1500 Sq Ft
Architect : Shukoor C Manapat,
Dishwasher
The first recorded evidence of a dishwasher was from 1850 when a simple hand turned splashing device attached to a wooden tub made by Joel Houghton was given a patent. Developing on this idea L.A. Alexander added gears to a spinning rack holding dishes that allowed it to be spun inside a tub of water and this was patented in 1865. Both of these were very crude and made entirely of wood and did not actually clean dishes very well.
Josephine Cochrane was a wealthy woman and had engineering in her blood as her grandfather John Fitch was famous for inventing the steamboat. She also liked to entertain friends frequently and hold social events at her home resulting in a lot of dishes needing to be cleaned each time. The crockery she used for entertaining was expensive and was often getting broken by the servants while washing up. Getting fed up with this she decided to build a dishwasher that could wash dishes quickly without breaking them. She built a machine consisting of a wooden wheel lying flat in a copper boiler which could be turned either by hand or driven by a power source via a pulley. Wire framed compartments made to fit her dishes were attached to this wheel and the combination of it spinning and soapy hot water being showered on them by the boiler resulted in the first efficient dishwasher.
She took her dishwasher to the world fair in 1893 in Chicago where it won the highest award and people ranging from friends to hotel and restaurant owners were queuing up asking for a dishwasher machine of their own. Quickly she patented the invention and opened a production factory to build them and this company became the household appliance giant today known as KitchenAid. More companies also started making other versions some with conveyor belts and others with baskets spun by various methods both using a jet or spray of hot water poured from above to clean the dishes.
It wasn't till the 1920's that any significant advances were made to the design of these machines when permanent plumbing was introduced to hook them up to a constant water supply. Only restaurants, hotels and wealthy families had these appliances as they were large and expensive and it wasn't till 1937 that a dishwasher small enough for a home was built. It was built by William Howard Livens and looked more like the washers we have today with mesh baskets inside a metal container and a front opening door with a drying element introduced into its design in 1940. Gradually they became smaller, cheaper and more efficient and by the end of the 50s were getting more popular as a home kitchen appliance. Popularity continued to increase with most homes in the USA owning one by the end of the 70s. Today they are popular all through Europe and the Middle East where they took longer to catch on than in the USA.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=James_S_Thompson
Josephine Cochrane was a wealthy woman and had engineering in her blood as her grandfather John Fitch was famous for inventing the steamboat. She also liked to entertain friends frequently and hold social events at her home resulting in a lot of dishes needing to be cleaned each time. The crockery she used for entertaining was expensive and was often getting broken by the servants while washing up. Getting fed up with this she decided to build a dishwasher that could wash dishes quickly without breaking them. She built a machine consisting of a wooden wheel lying flat in a copper boiler which could be turned either by hand or driven by a power source via a pulley. Wire framed compartments made to fit her dishes were attached to this wheel and the combination of it spinning and soapy hot water being showered on them by the boiler resulted in the first efficient dishwasher.
She took her dishwasher to the world fair in 1893 in Chicago where it won the highest award and people ranging from friends to hotel and restaurant owners were queuing up asking for a dishwasher machine of their own. Quickly she patented the invention and opened a production factory to build them and this company became the household appliance giant today known as KitchenAid. More companies also started making other versions some with conveyor belts and others with baskets spun by various methods both using a jet or spray of hot water poured from above to clean the dishes.
It wasn't till the 1920's that any significant advances were made to the design of these machines when permanent plumbing was introduced to hook them up to a constant water supply. Only restaurants, hotels and wealthy families had these appliances as they were large and expensive and it wasn't till 1937 that a dishwasher small enough for a home was built. It was built by William Howard Livens and looked more like the washers we have today with mesh baskets inside a metal container and a front opening door with a drying element introduced into its design in 1940. Gradually they became smaller, cheaper and more efficient and by the end of the 50s were getting more popular as a home kitchen appliance. Popularity continued to increase with most homes in the USA owning one by the end of the 70s. Today they are popular all through Europe and the Middle East where they took longer to catch on than in the USA.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=James_S_Thompson
History of microwave oven.
Fascinating facts about the invention
of the microwave oven by Percy Spencer in 1945. MICROWAVE OVEN
The microwave oven did not come about as a result of someone trying to find a better, faster way to cook. During World War II, two scientists invented the magnetron, a tube that produces microwaves. Installing magnetrons in Britain’s radar system, the microwaves were able to spot Nazi warplanes on their way to bomb the British Isles.
By accident, several years later, it was discovered that microwaves also cook food. Called the Radar Range, the first microwave oven to go on the market was roughly as large and heavy as a refrigerator.
The idea of using microwave energy to cook food was accidentally discovered by Percy LeBaron Spencer of the Raytheon Company when he found that radar waves had melted a candy bar in his pocket. Experiments showed that microwave heating could raise the internal temperature of many foods far more rapidly than a conventional oven.
The first Raytheon commercial microwave oven was the 1161 Radarange, which was marketed in 1954. Rated at 1600 watts, it was so large and expensive that it was practical only for restaurant and institutional use.
In 1967, Amana, a division of Raytheon, introduced its domestic Radarange microwave oven, marking the beginning of the use of microwave ovens in home kitchens. Although sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the oven’s relatively expensive price tag, the concept of quick microwave cooking had arrived. In succeeding years, Litton and a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of countertop units began to decrease and their capabilities were expanded.
All electromagnetic energy can be characterized as waves with a specific wavelength and frequency distributed over a continuous range known as the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, some radio waves have a wavelength of 6 feet (12 meters) and a frequency of 50 million hertz (Hz-cycles per second). Visible light waves have a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons, and typical X-rays have a length of 0.01 millimicrons and a frequency of 30 x 10¹² millions.
Microwaves (short waves or high frequency radio waves) are the shortest of radio waves, with a length of 0.1 millimeter and a frequency of 3 x 109 Hz. They are found in the non-ionizing portion of the energy spectrum, between radio waves and visible light. "Non-ionizing" means that microwaves do not detach charged particles and produce atoms with an unbalanced plus or minus charge. Microwaves can therefore safely produce heat and not cause food to become radioactive.
Microwaves are reflected from most metals but they produce inductive resonance's in the atoms of many other substances. It was the discovery of their reaction to metals that led to the invention of radar. It was their ability to produce resonant coupling that led to the invention of the microwave oven.
of the microwave oven by Percy Spencer in 1945. MICROWAVE OVEN
The microwave oven did not come about as a result of someone trying to find a better, faster way to cook. During World War II, two scientists invented the magnetron, a tube that produces microwaves. Installing magnetrons in Britain’s radar system, the microwaves were able to spot Nazi warplanes on their way to bomb the British Isles.
By accident, several years later, it was discovered that microwaves also cook food. Called the Radar Range, the first microwave oven to go on the market was roughly as large and heavy as a refrigerator.
The idea of using microwave energy to cook food was accidentally discovered by Percy LeBaron Spencer of the Raytheon Company when he found that radar waves had melted a candy bar in his pocket. Experiments showed that microwave heating could raise the internal temperature of many foods far more rapidly than a conventional oven.
The first Raytheon commercial microwave oven was the 1161 Radarange, which was marketed in 1954. Rated at 1600 watts, it was so large and expensive that it was practical only for restaurant and institutional use.
In 1967, Amana, a division of Raytheon, introduced its domestic Radarange microwave oven, marking the beginning of the use of microwave ovens in home kitchens. Although sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the oven’s relatively expensive price tag, the concept of quick microwave cooking had arrived. In succeeding years, Litton and a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of countertop units began to decrease and their capabilities were expanded.
All electromagnetic energy can be characterized as waves with a specific wavelength and frequency distributed over a continuous range known as the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, some radio waves have a wavelength of 6 feet (12 meters) and a frequency of 50 million hertz (Hz-cycles per second). Visible light waves have a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons, and typical X-rays have a length of 0.01 millimicrons and a frequency of 30 x 10¹² millions.
Microwaves (short waves or high frequency radio waves) are the shortest of radio waves, with a length of 0.1 millimeter and a frequency of 3 x 109 Hz. They are found in the non-ionizing portion of the energy spectrum, between radio waves and visible light. "Non-ionizing" means that microwaves do not detach charged particles and produce atoms with an unbalanced plus or minus charge. Microwaves can therefore safely produce heat and not cause food to become radioactive.
Microwaves are reflected from most metals but they produce inductive resonance's in the atoms of many other substances. It was the discovery of their reaction to metals that led to the invention of radar. It was their ability to produce resonant coupling that led to the invention of the microwave oven.
Awesome toaster.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exGtj4jjbco
Thats one awesome toaster O.O
I don't know how to do it so u can watch it right here :S.
Thats one awesome toaster O.O
I don't know how to do it so u can watch it right here :S.
Some history of toaster.
The Story:
Retrieved from The Great Idea Finder. www.ideafinder.com
Electric toasters have been in existence for less than 100 years. Yet, people have been consuming bread for the past 6,000 years, and people have been toasting bread since the time of the Romans. Toasting bread makes it crunchier and preserves it, an especially important characteristic for early civilizations. Before the advent of the electric toaster, bread was toasted over an open fire with the help of a variety of simple tools. Toasting bread does more than just preserve it, of course, it changes its nature; bread becomes sweeter, crunchier and the perfect surface on which to spread all sorts of things.
The toaster represents the crest of one wave of technological innovation, it began with a huge effort to electrify the nation. Once homes were wired this created a demand for household appliances, one of which was the toaster.
Even after electricity was introduced to homes across America, the electric toaster was still not a feasible invention. Because the surface of toast needs to be heated to temperatures above 310 degrees Fahrenheit, electric toasters must contain wires with the ability to reach very high temperatures without becoming damaged or starting a fire. Such a wire would have many uses, aside from application to an electric toaster. Therefore, many companies strove to discover it. By March of 1905, an engineer named Albert Marsh discovered that an alloy of nickel and chromium, known as Nichrome, had the properties of the sought after wire.
Shortly after Marsh's discovery, an employee of the American Electric Heater Company named George Schneider applied for a patent for his version of the electric toaster. In the next several years, there were already several people and companies working to develop their own versions of the toaster.
There must have been a number of prototype electric toasters made by companies and garage inventors alike in these early years, but it wasn't until 1909 that the first successful electric toaster was produced. In July, 1909, Frank Shailor of General Electric submitted his patent application for the D-12, considered the first commercially successful electric toaster.
Lloyd Copeman and his wife, Hazel, were window-shopping one day in 1913 and they were looking at an electric toaster displayed in a store window. The normal way a toaster worked at the time was to place the bread on a rack facing the heated electric coils. When the bread was toasted on one side, it was flipped by hand for the toasting of the other side. The story goes that Hazel, turned to her husband and said, “Lloyd, couldn’t you invent a toaster that would automatically turn the toast?” There must be some truth to this as the toaster patent was issued to Hazel B. Copeman in 1914. This was the first toaster that allowed the toast to be “turned” without touching the bread. It was called the “Automatic ” toaster. The Copeman's, both Hazel and Lloyd were issued five toaster related patents during 1914.
Many companies who wished to produce electric toasters were forced to pay royalties to Copeman or find a different way to “turn the toast”. Some swung the toast around in little baskets. Another toaster carried the bread past the heating elements on a little conveyer belt, toasting it as it traveled along.
As with the electric stove, the first Westinghouse toasters were identical in every way to the Copeman toaster other than carrying the Westinghouse name and the words “Copeman Patents” on the nameplate.
In the decade following the invention of the toaster, toasters sparked a great deal of public interest, and a variety of toaster models were produced. During World War I, a master mechanic in a plant in Stillwater, Minnesota decided to do something about the burnt toast served in the company cafeteria. To circumvent the need for continual human attention, Charles Strite incorporated springs and a variable timer, and filed the patent for his pop-up toaster on May 29, 1919. He intended the device would be sold to the restaurant trade.
Charles P. Strite, born in Minneapolis, MN, received patent on October 18, 1921 for the bread-toaster. That same year Strite formed the Waters Genter Company to manufacture his toaster and market it to restaurants. Receiving financial backing from friends, Strite oversaw production of the first one hundred hand-assembled toasters, which were shipped to the Childs restaurant chain.
In 1926, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the first automatic pop-up toaster was introduced by the Waters-Genter Company, which was eventually acquired into the Edison electric empire The amazing device was called the "Toastmaster," and bearing a triple-loop logo inspired by its heating elements, it heralded the modern age of kitchen appliances. The name and the logo endure in the 21st century, having survived many corporate transitions to itself become the name of the corporation. By the end of 1926 Charles Strite's Toastmaster was available to the public and was a huge success.
The next major breakthrough for the toaster came in 1928. Prior to then, the local bakery sold bread in loaves. But Otto Frederick Rohwedder, an inventor changed the history by creating the presliced-loaf and sealed-bag process. The Continental Baking Company altered the course of bread forever in 1930 when it introduced sliced Wonder Bread. Sales were slow at first as suspicious consumers were slow to accept a pre-sliced bread, but convenience overruled apprehension and soon everyone wanted sliced Wonder Bread on their dinner table.
By 1933, only five years after the bread slicer's introduction, American bakeries were turning out more sliced than unsliced bread. This gave a boost to another new invention: Charles Strite's spring-loaded, automatic, pop-up toaster which had been languishing on the shelves since 1926. With Rohwedder's standardized slices on the market, Strife's invention suddenly made sense. The automatic (pop-up) toaster becomes a standard in American households
The Charles Strite home toasters produced in 1926 are not very different from the toasters that can be found in many homes today. By the 1960's, the toaster was common enough and cheap enough that they were available to virtually every middle class family in America. By the 1980's the slots of toasters grew, enabling bagels and wider bread to be toasted. Additionally, heat-resistant plastic and microchip controls were used in the making of the toaster, making it even more economical and efficient than ever before.
Retrieved from The Great Idea Finder. www.ideafinder.com
Electric toasters have been in existence for less than 100 years. Yet, people have been consuming bread for the past 6,000 years, and people have been toasting bread since the time of the Romans. Toasting bread makes it crunchier and preserves it, an especially important characteristic for early civilizations. Before the advent of the electric toaster, bread was toasted over an open fire with the help of a variety of simple tools. Toasting bread does more than just preserve it, of course, it changes its nature; bread becomes sweeter, crunchier and the perfect surface on which to spread all sorts of things.
The toaster represents the crest of one wave of technological innovation, it began with a huge effort to electrify the nation. Once homes were wired this created a demand for household appliances, one of which was the toaster.
Even after electricity was introduced to homes across America, the electric toaster was still not a feasible invention. Because the surface of toast needs to be heated to temperatures above 310 degrees Fahrenheit, electric toasters must contain wires with the ability to reach very high temperatures without becoming damaged or starting a fire. Such a wire would have many uses, aside from application to an electric toaster. Therefore, many companies strove to discover it. By March of 1905, an engineer named Albert Marsh discovered that an alloy of nickel and chromium, known as Nichrome, had the properties of the sought after wire.
Shortly after Marsh's discovery, an employee of the American Electric Heater Company named George Schneider applied for a patent for his version of the electric toaster. In the next several years, there were already several people and companies working to develop their own versions of the toaster.
There must have been a number of prototype electric toasters made by companies and garage inventors alike in these early years, but it wasn't until 1909 that the first successful electric toaster was produced. In July, 1909, Frank Shailor of General Electric submitted his patent application for the D-12, considered the first commercially successful electric toaster.
Lloyd Copeman and his wife, Hazel, were window-shopping one day in 1913 and they were looking at an electric toaster displayed in a store window. The normal way a toaster worked at the time was to place the bread on a rack facing the heated electric coils. When the bread was toasted on one side, it was flipped by hand for the toasting of the other side. The story goes that Hazel, turned to her husband and said, “Lloyd, couldn’t you invent a toaster that would automatically turn the toast?” There must be some truth to this as the toaster patent was issued to Hazel B. Copeman in 1914. This was the first toaster that allowed the toast to be “turned” without touching the bread. It was called the “Automatic ” toaster. The Copeman's, both Hazel and Lloyd were issued five toaster related patents during 1914.
Many companies who wished to produce electric toasters were forced to pay royalties to Copeman or find a different way to “turn the toast”. Some swung the toast around in little baskets. Another toaster carried the bread past the heating elements on a little conveyer belt, toasting it as it traveled along.
As with the electric stove, the first Westinghouse toasters were identical in every way to the Copeman toaster other than carrying the Westinghouse name and the words “Copeman Patents” on the nameplate.
In the decade following the invention of the toaster, toasters sparked a great deal of public interest, and a variety of toaster models were produced. During World War I, a master mechanic in a plant in Stillwater, Minnesota decided to do something about the burnt toast served in the company cafeteria. To circumvent the need for continual human attention, Charles Strite incorporated springs and a variable timer, and filed the patent for his pop-up toaster on May 29, 1919. He intended the device would be sold to the restaurant trade.
Charles P. Strite, born in Minneapolis, MN, received patent on October 18, 1921 for the bread-toaster. That same year Strite formed the Waters Genter Company to manufacture his toaster and market it to restaurants. Receiving financial backing from friends, Strite oversaw production of the first one hundred hand-assembled toasters, which were shipped to the Childs restaurant chain.
In 1926, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the first automatic pop-up toaster was introduced by the Waters-Genter Company, which was eventually acquired into the Edison electric empire The amazing device was called the "Toastmaster," and bearing a triple-loop logo inspired by its heating elements, it heralded the modern age of kitchen appliances. The name and the logo endure in the 21st century, having survived many corporate transitions to itself become the name of the corporation. By the end of 1926 Charles Strite's Toastmaster was available to the public and was a huge success.
The next major breakthrough for the toaster came in 1928. Prior to then, the local bakery sold bread in loaves. But Otto Frederick Rohwedder, an inventor changed the history by creating the presliced-loaf and sealed-bag process. The Continental Baking Company altered the course of bread forever in 1930 when it introduced sliced Wonder Bread. Sales were slow at first as suspicious consumers were slow to accept a pre-sliced bread, but convenience overruled apprehension and soon everyone wanted sliced Wonder Bread on their dinner table.
By 1933, only five years after the bread slicer's introduction, American bakeries were turning out more sliced than unsliced bread. This gave a boost to another new invention: Charles Strite's spring-loaded, automatic, pop-up toaster which had been languishing on the shelves since 1926. With Rohwedder's standardized slices on the market, Strife's invention suddenly made sense. The automatic (pop-up) toaster becomes a standard in American households
The Charles Strite home toasters produced in 1926 are not very different from the toasters that can be found in many homes today. By the 1960's, the toaster was common enough and cheap enough that they were available to virtually every middle class family in America. By the 1980's the slots of toasters grew, enabling bagels and wider bread to be toasted. Additionally, heat-resistant plastic and microchip controls were used in the making of the toaster, making it even more economical and efficient than ever before.
Kerala Villa Plan - 2035 Sq. Ft
Detail of the House
Ground Floor Area : 1108 sq ft
First Floor Area: 927 sq ft
Bedrooms: 4
Design: contemporary and kerala style architecure
Total area of the House : 2035 sq ft
Total cost of Construction: 25 lakhs
Architect : Shukoor C Manapat.
Ground Floor Area : 1108 sq ft
First Floor Area: 927 sq ft
Bedrooms: 4
Design: contemporary and kerala style architecure
Total area of the House : 2035 sq ft
Total cost of Construction: 25 lakhs
Architect : Shukoor C Manapat.
